Mulligan says, "Ah, Dedalus, the Greeks! I must teach you.
You must read them in the original." Joyce never learned
ancient Greek, and he regretted this gap in his education.
Although Mulligan's display of familiarity with the language
seems pretentious and dilettantish, his model Gogarty was an
accomplished Greek scholar.
Epi oinopa ponton is probably the most familiar
ancient Greek phrase on the planet, and Thalatta!
Thalatta! likewise is something that a beginning
student of Greek might take away from his Xenophon. Spraying
around quotations like these hardly does Mulligan credit as a
scholar.
Joyce was a gifted linguist. The Jesuits taught him Latin, and he excelled
in it. He taught himself Dano-Norwegian in order to read
Ibsen’s plays in the original. He learned enough French to
live in Paris, enough Italian to live in Trieste, and enough
German to live in Zurich. Finnegans Wake contains
echoes of nearly 70 languages. But the writer who modeled his
first great masterpiece on the Odyssey never learned
classical Greek. This ignorance abashed him. Richard Ellmann
reproduces a June 1921 letter to Harriet Shaw Weaver in which
Joyce observes,
I don’t even know Greek though I am spoken of as
erudite. My father wanted me to take Greek as third language,
my mother German and my friends Irish. Result, I took Italian.
I spoke or used to speak modern Greek not too badly (I speak
four or five languages fluently enough) and have spent a great
deal of time with Greeks of all kinds from noblemen down to
onionsellers, chiefly the latter. I am superstitious about
them. They bring me luck (512).
He felt the same way about the Greek colors in which the first
edition of
Ulysses was bound: white letters on a
carefully chosen sea-blue background. They brought him luck
(524).
Despite his lack of classical Greek, Joyce’s choice of Homer
as the model on which to base his epic reflects a
determination no less fervent than Mulligan’s to bring Ireland
into the long European tradition of learning and art that
began with the Greeks. Ellmann astutely observes that “Gogarty
spoke of Hellenizing
Ireland, Joyce (who knew no Greek) of Europeanizing it” (118).
Ireland was a cultural backwater made stagnant by religious
piety and colonial domination, and could not come into its own
simply by turning inward. In the lecture titled "Ireland, Island of Saints and
Sages," Joyce lamented the present backwardness of his
nation and expressed hope that it would "resume its ancient
position as the Hellas of the north some day."
