After recounting his struggle with the Cyclops at the end of
Book 9, Odysseus turns at the beginning of Book 10 to the
month he spent on a floating island ruled by Aeolus, whom Zeus
put in charge of the winds. At his departure, he says, Aeolus
gave him a leather bag containing all the disruptive winds
that might blow him off course, leaving Zephyr, the gentle
west wind, to blow the ships east toward Ithaca. After nine
days of steady sailing, Ithaca came in view and Odysseus, who
had been at the tiller the whole time, allowed himself to fall
asleep. His men, suspicious that the sack held treasure for
him alone, opened it, and the unruly winds blew the ship all
the way back to Aeolus' island. When Odysseus asked for
assistance once more, Aeolus roared for him to "Get out!,"
saying that a man so unlucky must be hated by the gods.
In Joyce's reworking of this brief episode, Bloom stands in
for Odysseus and editor Myles Crawford plays the part of
Aeolus. When Bloom first enters the office of the Evening
Telegraph and uses Crawford's telephone to track down a
man who may agree to renew an ad in the paper, the productive
enterprise meets with the editor's wry approval : "—
Begone! he said. The world is before you." But when
Bloom calls the office from his travels, Crawford is busy
bragging about a past journalistic triumph and snarls, "Tell
him to go to hell." Some time later, as Crawford is leaving
the newspaper building, Bloom catches up to him and asks him
to help secure the renewal by putting a short paragraph about
Keyes' business in the paper. "— Will you tell him he can
kiss my arse? Myles Crawford said throwing out his arm for
emphasis.... — He can kiss my royal Irish arse, Myles
Crawford cried loudly over his shoulder. Any time he likes,
tell him."
Homer's story informs Joyce's in other ways. The motif of an
interrupted or frustrated journey recurs late in the chapter
when the busy network of trams
around Nelson's pillar stands paralyzed by an electrical
outage: "At various points along the eight lines tramcars
with motionless trolleys stood in their tracks." Also
late in the chapter, J. J. O'Molloy responds to an inspiring
speech about Moses by recalling his Odysseus-like failure to
enter the land of Canaan after leading the Israelites toward
it for forty years: "And yet he died without having entered
the land of promise." Stephen later appropriates this
detail, naming his little story A Pisgah Sight of
Palestine. The impression of paralysis and futility
limned by these narrative gestures permeates the chapter,
linking to the stagnant careers of O'Molloy and Professor
MacHugh, the feckless sycophancy of Lenehan, the drunken
stupor of Crawford, the lack of work being accomplished in the
editor's office, the ignominious failure of various
insurrections, and the millennial frustration of hopes for an
Irish nation.
In compensation for this litany of failures, the chapter
offers one great Irish accomplishment: ceaseless, brilliant,
truculent talk. This feature too draws inspiration from Homer,
because the blasts of hot air issuing from human mouths are
imaged several times as winds—an old conceit, as can be seen
in the first two images here. Bloom makes the connection when
Crawford rebuffs him: "A bit nervy. Look out for squalls.
All off for a drink. Arm in arm. Lenehan's yachting cap on the
cadge beyond. Usual blarney." He similarly scorns the purple
prose of Dan Dawson's speech: "High falutin stuff. Bladderbags."
Professor MacHugh agrees: "Enough of the inflated windbag!"
Through this lens even the words of a great political orator
like Daniel O'Connell,
rousing unimaginably vast crowds to action, look like wasted
breath. Stephen thinks of them as "Gone with the wind....
The tribune's words, howled and scattered to the four
winds. A people sheltered within his voice. Dead noise."
This concern with the forceful but ephemeral articulation of
words gave Joyce an occasion for foregrounding, in Aeolus,
both the ancient art of rhetoric and the modern craft of
newspaper reporting. Throughout the chapter, blaring all-caps
section headings that resemble headlines make the prose itself
echo the newspaper business. Joyce added these headings after
the first publication of the chapter in The Little Revew,
making narration that in 1918 had seemed of a piece with the
style of the first six chapters feel radically different in
the 1922 first edition of the novel.
At the same time, arrangements of words throughout the
chapter demonstrate the precepts of ancient rhetoricians.
Hundreds of phrases exemplify rhetorical "Tropes" (one of the
"techniques" listed in the Linati
schema) and other Greek-named figures of speech that
were catalogued by Roman writers. The notes on this site
explore more than 50 of these devices, which are introduced
and alphabetically listed in the first such note. Three
speeches quoted in the chapter exemplify Aristotle's principal
types of oratory, also listed in the schema: symbouleutike
(deliberative), dikanike (forensic), and epideictic
(praising and blaming). Still other details exemplify the
ancient orators' reliance on gestures, and their goal of
emotionally moving listeners. Both of Joyce's schemas identify
the Organ of the chapter as "Lungs," and its Art as
"Rhetoric."
While studding his text with rhetorical figures, Joyce also
filled it with windy sounds and with images. Stuart Gilbert
notes the clamor with which the chapter begins, inspired by
the loudness of Aeolus' palace with all its imprisoned winds:
"Mr Bloom's approach to the editorial office, lorded over by
Myles Crawford, Ruler of the Winds, is beset with a chaos of
noises, trams 'right and left parallel clanging ringing', the
thud of 'loudly flung sacks of letters' loaded in vermilion
mailcars, and a rumble of barrels" (166-67). After he enters
the newspaper office, and before he enters the
thumping racket of the "printingworks," Bloom hears gusts of
wind making their way into the offices: "The door of
Ruttledge's office whispered: ee: cree. They always build one
door opposite another for the wind to. Way in. Way out."
A "mouthorgan" sounds at one point, and a mocking headline
turns the bingbang twanging of some dental floss into a "HARP
EOLIAN." O'Molloy takes some racing tissues from Lenehan,
"blowing them apart gently" as he reads. Newsboys follow Bloom
out of the office, "the last zigzagging white on the breeze a
mocking kite, a tail of white bowknots." When Bloom returns
they appear again, "their white papers fluttering," and then
Bloom is seen "breathless, caught in a whirl of wild
newsboys." A moment later he is "puffing" from his exertions,
a word that is also used when cigarette smoke is expelled:
"Myles Crawford blew his first puff violently toward the
ceiling." Offstage, other winds blow. O'Molloy remembers "all
those trees that were blown down by that cyclone last year,"
the professor recalls "The sack of windy Troy," and all the
trolley cars sit "becalmed." Bloom thinks of inquiries mailed
to the paper: "Dear Mr Editor, what is a good cure for
flatulence?"
Amid these many physical movements, a still greater number of
metaphorical expressions agitate the literary atmosphere:
"Windfall when he kicks out," "What's in the wind," "raise the
wind," "get some wind off my chest," "Reaping the whirlwind,"
"Weathercocks," "Wetherup," "all blows over," "Big blowout,"
"the breath of fresh life," "take my breath away," "the
wheeze." Collectively, these figures underline the impression
of hot air created by the men's breezy talk. But through its
protagonists the chapter also suggests that intelligently
deployed language can move the world forward. The "little
puff" that Bloom wants for Keyes' business has proved to
be sound marketing
strategy in the 20th century, and Stephen's little
story, although breezy and insubstantial, shows him preparing
for a career in prose fiction. The "divine afflatus" that Mr.
O'Madden Burke hears in one of the recited speeches becomes
something more than a dead cliché when one considers that the
word comes from a Latin root meaning "to blow." It evokes the
idea of inspiration from ancient times, when gods "breathed"
truth into human vessels. Channeling Genesis, Stephen resolves
to become such a vessel: "On now. Dare it. Let there be life."